Path followed:
1. Is the fault in the components that perform any physical action?
Answer: No
2. Is the faulty component part of the mechanism’s body?
Answer: No
3. Is the faulty component in the fuel system?
Answer: Yes
4. Is the fault in the fuel filtration system?
Answer: Yes
5. Is the fault in the fuel filtration components?
Answer: Yes
6. Is the fault in the components responsible for removing fuel consumption by products?
Answer: Yes
7. Can other parts of the mechanism be used to minimize the effect of the fault?
Answer: Yes
72) Little skate, Leucoraja erinacea
Little skates can be found near Canada and the northeast United States (Sulikowski et al.). They look like rays and live in oceans. The Little skate has been found to have kidney regeneration capabilities.
After partial nephrectomy, nephrogenesis is induced to regenerate the missing portion of the kidney. It has been that the Little skate has a nephrogenic zone attached to its kidney. This zone contains mesenchymal cells and prospective tubular cells that are able to proliferate (Elger et al.). The mesenchymal cells would migrate and form tight junctions with one another to create a basement membrane (Elger et al.). Next the prospective tubular cells would migrate and join together to form elongated cysts that could bend and create tubular loops (Elger et al.). The gap at the end of the tube would close up from mesenchymal cells that had differentiated into epithelial cells and become the glomerular epithelial primordial (Elger et al.). After the gap was closed undifferentiated mesenchymal cells would attach to the prospective BomanÕs capsule and segments of the tubes would differentiate into nephron segments (Elger et al.). The cells would continue to proliferate and add onto the tubes to increase the kidney mass until it was at its maximum size. Once it was big enough the mesenchymal and tubular cells would stop proliferating and differentiating into the different parts of the kidney.
Sulikowski, J., Kulka, D.W. & Gedamke, T. 2009. Leucoraja erinacea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Web. 11 Dec. 2014.
http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/161418/0
Elger, Marlies, Hartmut Hentschel, Jennifer Litteral, Maren Wellner, Torsten Kirsch, Friedrich C. Luft, and Hermann Haller. “Nephrogenesis Is Induced by Partial Nephrectomy in the Elasmobranch Leucoraja Erinacea.” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 14.6 (2003): 1506-518. JASN. Web. 11 Dec. 2014.
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